When one hears the date of September 11, you can come immediately to mind events like the attack on the twin towers in New York in 2001 or coup of General Pinochet in Chile on 1973, but today I want to talk about events that happened 300 years ago in the city that I was born and where I live: this is obviously the siege and fall of Barcelona in 1714 against the assault of the combined French and Spanish troops representing the Bourbon monarchy.
I wish for a moment all to forget what politicians and media from either sign are saying these days to go back in time and see a brief summary of the events that occurred at that time.
The beginning of the eighteenth century represents what might be called a "first globalization" as it is in this century when mercantile bourgeoisie raises produces and Europe expands in African, Asian and American continents with colonialism and appearing organizations such as the East India Companies of Holland, Britain and France, who want to snatch the Portuguese possessions in Asia (1); Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 between the crowns of Castile and Portugal represents the distribution of the territories that were discovered in the New World (2), Britain also established the North American Atlantic coast and founded New Virginia England and France occupy the territories of Guiana and Quebec and then go to the valley of the Mississippi River (3).
It is also at this time began to settle the structure of the modern state and are two contrasting models that will end on one side of an absolutist monarchy (represented by the ruling dynasty in France) and other parliamentary state (represented by countries such as the United Provinces of Netherlands and Great Britain).
It is in these circumstances that will eventually lead to the outbreak of the War of Spanish Succession: death of Charles II "the Bewitched" (1661-1700) (4), the last representative the Spanish branch of the Habsburg who died after a long agony, leaving no direct descendant.
This situation means that European countries will soon begin to maneuver to crown an heir of their convenience to have direct access to the American colonies and their wealth and other possessions. Finally will be Philip Duke of Anjou (1683-1746), who will become crowned Philip V thanks to the intervention of his grandfather Louis XIV (1643-1715), King of France and head of the dynasty of the Bourbons and the influence of Cardinal Portocarrero (1635-1709), over Charles II as Governor of the Kingdom while the disease was progressively deteriorating convinced him to change his last will (5) (6).
The coronation of Philip V eventually occurs against the condition written in the will of Charles II of Philip being King of Spain if there's the chance of him being also King of France (7). This represents a substantial change to the wishes of the father of Charles, Philip IV (1621-1665), who left his last wishes expressing explicitly the ban of the Bourbon dynasty inheriting the Spanish crown (8): "Por la ley firme, perpetua e irrevocable privamos de la sucesión de estos reinos y corona a la casa del Borbón" (“For the firmly, perpetual and irrevocable law we deprive of the succession these kingdoms and crown to the house of Bourbon”).
The first movements of Louis XIV after the coronation of his grandson worsened the situation as he was explicitly recognized as heir to the French crown (which would unite both kingdoms) and carry out the necessary steps for which French troops could attack the Netherlands and Italy, besides Philip granted privileges to French merchants to negotiate with the Spanish settlements in the New World separating them in Dutch and English (9).
The enemies of the Bourbon dynasty and those who were afraid of the power that this ruling would acquire over both crowns (Spanish and French) soon joined the Grand Alliance of the Hague, which claimed the Spanish crown by Archduke Charles of Austria and grouped mainly Great Britain, Portugal, the United Provinces, the Germanic Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia Kingdoms and the Austrian present in the rest of Spain.
As for the Principality of Catalonia was welcomed Philip V (grandfather advised him to be appreciated by Catalans (10)) and swore their Constitutions (first promulgated in 1283), but soon began to emerge disagreements with the way these worked, as these were the highest rule in the country, even above were royal decrees and ordinances (something unique in Europe) and could only be changed by the Parliament of the Principality. This made government and political affairs of to be conducted in a pact way, i.e., both parties had to reach an agreement.
This disagreement was expressed with attitudes like the king's insistence on maintaining control of the process of sortition or lottery by which members of the Diputació del General (also known as Generalitat) and government of Barcelona were chosen, monarchy had acquired it in 1652 as part of the consequences of la Guerra dels Segadors (1640-1652) (11).
The outbreak of the War of Succession in 1702 and repressive actions that triggered also ended up playing an important role in the growing Catalan disaffection towards Philip V, a sample of these measures was the immediate confiscation of goods and commodities of Dutch and British traders which had dealings with Barcelona bourgeoisie and the expulsion of Catholic Dutch merchant Jagger Arnold, living in Barcelona since 1661, former consul of the Netherlands and with full citizenship rights (12).
All this soon led to the gradual emergence of a core of people in the fields of economic, academic and cultural activities willing to defend the Constitutions and to recognize Archduke Charles as successor to the Spanish crown, this also was accompanied by an important ecclesiastical activities like sermons said to support the Austriacist cause (13) that will be consolidated in Barcelona and Vic plain with the balloting of Austriacist officers, secret meetings in Barcelona convents (like at Santa Caterina) and permissiveness demonstrated by Benet Sala, bishop of Barcelona, regarding dissident priests and monks (this is also the first time of the recorded use of the word botifler to reference to supporters of Philip V and Bourbons in general).
The tension coincides with the replacement of the viceroy Count of Palma by Francisco Fernández de Velasco and the first attempted Allied landings in Barcelona carried out by the English fleet on 31th May 1704 (14),which ended up failing because the conspirators were betrayed and allied soldiers (2,600 men) could not cope the Coronela, the civilian militia of 4,000 men who defended Barcelona, as the Catalan institutions at that time still remained loyal to the viceroy Velasco.
But Velasco started a strong repressive movement that soon filled the prisons Barcelona and encouraged the Austriacist movement, this repression also grew along Allied military successes (such as the conquest of Gibraltar on August 4th), getting even to intervene in the appointment of civil officers and Diputació operations, demanding the replacement of voting by alta voce voting and knowledge of contents of deliberations conducted in the Consell de Cent that all its members were required to keep secret because institutional position they occupied (15), which ended up causing the imprisonment of several city officers; moreover harvests that year were not good and not being able to buy wheat in northern Europe because of the ban to trade with the enemy not helped to calm down the situation (16).
This situation ended up leading to Pact of Genoa, signed on June 20th of 1705 by Catalan representatives Antoni de Peguera (1682-1707) and Domènec Perera (?-1706) and Mitford Crowe (1669-1719) representing Queen Anne of England, which committed the Allies to land an army of 8,000 men and 2,000 horses, provide 12,000 rifles to Catalans and to respect and defend the Constitutions and Catalan territory, in exchange Catalonia pledged to recognize the Archduke Charles as King of Spain and contributed 6,000 men (17).
On August 22th the Allied fleet was once again present in Barcelona and held a siege that would allow Archduke to enter the city on November 7th and the evacuation of the Viceroy Velasco and all those who wanted to leave the city (18).
The War of Succession continued in Europe and the territories that made up their colonial possessions, turning the conflict into a confrontation of global dimensions that was stable until 1710 when two events occurred that affected the relationship between Allies (who were not exactly a too uniform block): first British Conservatives (tories) won the parliamentary elections and called for establishing peace with France and the other was the death of Emperor Joseph I (1678-1711) on April 17th of 1711, so Archduke Charles was crowned on December 22 of that year as Charles VI (19).
There were also a series of defeats suffered by the allies in Spain, such as the occupation of Minorca on April 5th of 1707 (20), defeat of Austriacist forces at the Battle of Almansa on April 25th of 1707 (21), which led to the occupation of the Kingdom of Valencia (with acts like the burning of the town of Xativa on June 19th ordered by Philip V himself), ocupation of Lleida on November 10th of 1707 (22) and Tortosa on July 15th 1708 (23), battles of Brihuega on December 8th of 1710 and Villaviciosa two days later (24) and the fall of Girona on January 24th 1711 (25).
The events I mentioned and the wear economic that represented to maintain a conflict so prolonged in time ended up leading the whole multilateral treaties known collectively as the Treaty of Utrech, signed on April 11th of 1713, initiated as a result of secret contacts between the British and French during the first months of 1711 (26). The treaty resulted in the following agreements:
- Armistice of the Crowns of Castile and France with Great Britain (August 1712), followed by bilateral treaties of peace between Great Britain and France (April 1713) and between Great Britain and the Crown of Castile (July 1713).
- Signing treaties between France and the United Provinces, Brandenburg, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy (July 1713).
- Signing treaties between the Duchy of Savoy and (July 1713), the United Provinces (July 1714) and Portugal (February 1715).
- Signing trade agreements between Britain and the Crown of Castile (March and December 1714, December 1715 and May 1716).
- Britain took possession of Gibraltar and Minorca, occupied during the war (given by the Crown of Castile), Nova Scotia (Acadia), Hudson Bay and Newfoundland (given by France), Saint Kitts Island in the Caribbean Sea. In addition to the trade agreements known by the names of the Treaty of the"asiento de negros" and "Navio de permiso".
- The House of Savoy receives back Savoy and Nice (occupied by France during the war) and receives Sicily (ceded by Crown of Castile). With the possession of Sicily receives the title of king, with several names, will have since then the house of Savoy (first kings of Sicily, kings of Sardinia and finally kings of Italy).
- The United Provinces receive the Flemish “barrier” (a series of fortresses in the north Spanish Netherlands that the Holy Roman Empire helped finance), ceded by Philip V of Castile.
- Brandenburg receives North Gelderland (ceded by the king of Crown of Castile) and the Neuchatel “barrier” (ceded by France), in addition to its transformation into the Kingdom with the name of Prussia. Frederick William I was the first king.
- Portugal won the return of the Sacramento Colony, occupied by the Kingdom of Castile during the war.
- Charles VI of Austria obtains the Spanish Netherlands, the duchy of Milan, Naples, Sardinia and Flanders (ceded by the king of Castile). Archduke Charles of Austria, as emperor, left any claim to the Spanish throne in 1725.
- France recognizes the Protestant succession in England and undertakes not to support the Stuart pretenders. It also promises to demolish the fortifications of Dunkirk and blind her harbour and definitely get the Principality of Orange (in Provence).
- Philip V was granted recognition as king of Castile and Indias by all the signatory countries, while establishing a clause prohibiting the king of Castile and France to be the same person.
Starhemberg informed the Catalan authorities about the agreement on the 25th, after knowing its contents soon there was a great commotion in the city both at institutional and citizens levels, with protests calling cowards the former allies in retreat, this convinced Starhemberg to rush his departure and go incognito on 27th leaving a legal loophole after hastily abandoning his duties as viceroy (29).
With these rushing events the Diputació General decides to convene the Junta de Braços on 30th to assess the severity of the situation (30). The Junta de Braços was the institution that is summoned in times of emergency and when is necessary advise on decisions to adopt or ratify those that had already been taken, each braç (arm) representing a particular estate: the clergy in the ecclesiastical arm, the secular nobility in the military arm and towns and cities represented in the Principality Parliament in the royal, or popular, arm (31).
In the early deliberations both the military and the ecclesiastical arm were in favor of surrender and submission to Philip V (although after this the ecclesiastical abstained and stated that would abide by the majority decision), but will expressed by the popular arm to resist (ie, the townspeople and not the politicians) is what makes the military arm to change his mind and agree to stubborn resistance to the troops of Philip V on July 5th, swearing allegiance to Charles III and the Constitutions, with war proclamation on the 9th at six in the morning (32).
Knowing how it all ended is easy to ask whether it was a bad idea to resist, but you should also understand that those persons were advocating a legal system, represented by the Constitutions, in which the monarch was not above law (and therefore was quite far from the absolutist system that was imposed at the end) and were also determined to defend their homes and the lives of their families (an understandable decision taking into account cases like the fire of Xativa and application of the “diezmo de la horca” (“tithe of the gallows”), ie, execution by hanging of 10% of the inhabitants of the towns that the Bourbons had conquered) (33).
In summer 1713 the only strongholds still remaining in hands of Catalans are the city of Barcelona and the fortresses of Cardona and Castellciutat (34), the latter falls on September 28th of that year (35) and its commander, general Josep Moragues i Mas (1669-1715), executed in a particularly cruel manner on March 27th of 1715 in Barcelona: “arrastrado vivo por las calles por un caballo, degollado y hecho cuartos” (“live dragged through the streets by a horse, beheaded and dismembered”), also his head was left hanging in a cage on the Portal de Mar in 1727 as a warning despite pleas of his widow (36).
Barcelona is put under siege by Duke of Pópuli both by sea and by land (20,000 French and Spanish soldiers and a large contingent of artillery) from July 25th 1713 while in the rest of the country is carried out an indiscriminate crackdown against civilians and anyone who has risen in arms to confront the invaders (37).
The day after the beginning of the siege the Duke demanded the surrender of the city, the defenders rejected the request hoping to change the situation, either reaching an agreement with Philip V or that the old allies, primarily Britain, changed his mind and willed to send military aid (38). Faced with this refusal begins the creation of a belt of fortifications taking advantage of towns and farms near the city (such as Martí de Provençals, Gràcia, Sarria or Sant Gervasi) (39) and begins a siege where hunger will play an important role but against all odds the harassed will not give up, this leading to a series of attacks and counterattacks without attackers gaining a clear advantage and the begining of the city destruction with numerous fires, which forced many of its inhabitants to seek refuge outside the wall, to the Arenal neighbourhood (now Barceloneta) and the beaches of San Bertran (between Drassanes and Montjuïc); Pópuli even asked Admiral Du Casse (1646-1715),commander of the French fleet, to start bombing the capital but he refused saying he did not want to attack civilians (40).
Pópuli, thinking he would be replaced soon when became evident that he had not fulfilled the mission entrusted, decided to try for the last time with the cruel and cowardly bombing that began on May 22th of 1714 and after a month and having employed 12,000 explosive grenades (41) he had destroyed about a third of the city (42).
It was then the Duke of Pópuli was replaced on July 6th by James Fitz-James Stuart (1670-1734), first Duke of Berwick (43), illegitimate son of deposed King James II of England and at that time in the service of the French crown as marshal of his army.
To definitely end the siege Berwick has an army of 39,000 men (Spanish and French troops but also Sicilian, Neapolitan and Walloons) and the important artillery train accumulated by Pópuli (80 cannons and 30 mortars), with another 50,000 men-strength force in charge of occupying the country (44). Their plan of attack was designed by Joris Prosper of Verboom, Bourbon military that remained a prisoner in the city from 1710 (after the Battle of Almenara) until 1712 when it was released in a prisoner exchange. This period gave him the opportunity to study the defences of Barcelona, formed by walls and bastions, which could fall against a determined attack using artillery and infantry assaults combined together with digging of approach trenches (45) using methods proposed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.
Finally the French fleet just reinforced with more ships the squadron of Admiral Du Casse, so he definitively closed the naval blockade from Llobregat river to Besós river preventing the arrival of more food and ammunition from Mallorca(46).
Barcelona had a considerably diminished in strength force composed by a total of 5,365 men (a ratio of 1 defender soldier for every 8 attacker soldiers) with the following composition (47) (48) (49):
1,465 soldiers of the Catalan regular army (which also included Mallorcan gunners and infantrymen from Naples, Hungarian soldiers and cavalry hussars who decided to stay in Catalan territories at the time of the evacuation of Austrian forces).
3,500 men of the Coronela, the civilian militia composed of different guilds of trades and professions as well as students from the city, under the command of the chief minister, Rafael de Casanova.
400 volunteers from different origins (including Valencia and Aragon).
| REGULAR FORCES | |
| Infantry | |
| Regiment de la Diputació | 70 men |
| Regiment de la Concepció | 275 homes |
| Regiment de Santa Eulàlia | 140 men |
| Regiment del Roser | 120 men |
| Regiment de Sant Narcís | 180 homes |
| Regiment de Desemparats | 200 men |
| Total | 985 men |
| Artillery and Engineers | |
| Total | 100 men |
| Cavalry | |
| Regiment de Sant Jordi | 170 men |
| Regiment de Cuirassers de Sant Miquel | 150 men |
| Regiment de la Fe | 60 men |
| Total | 380 men |
| Total regular forces | 1,465 men |
| Irregular forces | |
| Coronela | 3,500 men |
| Volunteers | 400 men |
| Total irregular forces | 3,900 men |
| TOTAL STRENGTH OF THE GARRISON | 5,365 men |
As commander of the forces that defend Barcelona there is general Antonio de Villaroel y Peláez (1656-1726), born in Barcelona from Galician father, the military Cristobal de Villaroel, and Asturian mother, Catalina Peláez. Villaroel was first part of the army of Philip V, but with the disgrace of Duke Philip of Orleans, Bourbon army chief, he decided to change sides in 1710 and refused to be evacuated with the Austrian imperial forces (50).
The situation at the moment it is very serious, because in addition to the lack of supplies, hunger and the emergence of diseases such as typhus and dysentery there's also the evident dwindling number of defenders, less than one for every meter of wall, which prevents they can be relieved and rest properly, having to remain in their positions (51).
During the months of July and August occur increased combat actions such as the attempt by Villaroel at the head of 2,000 men on July 13th (52) to destroy the works of the Bourbon approach trench or the battle for bastion of Santa Clara on August 12th to 14th (53), where the Coronela company formed by young students of Laws, directed by Professor Marià Bassons (died in battle) (54), is capable of holding with a bayonet charge an attacking force 5 times higher (55) and that while representing a victory for the Catalans ended up with a third of casualties among the defenders of the city.
The final assault in Barcelona will take place on September 11th (56) (57) at half past five in the morning and will involve a fierce and terrible battle lasting ten hours and a half with no more than 5,000 defenders of the city and the civilians who join the battle against a total of 35,000 soldiers, including some of the reserves that Berwick army mobilized to maintain the pressure and try to penetrate the gaps produced in the walls during the siege.
At two in the afternoon, amid the stench of corpses, the smell of gunpowder and the city many fires, the front stabilized due to fatigue and loss of life on both sides: the defenders had managed to stop attackers and keep them from entering the city containing them in Pla d'en Llull (the current Born neighbourhood) and the convent of Santa Clara, the convent of Sant Agustí and the convent of Sant Pere de les Puel·les, where Rafael Casanova was wounded while flying the flag of Saint Eulalia. It was in this moment of respite when Villaroel, wounded while heading the cavalry charge of half past nine in the morning at Pla d'en Llull, decides as commander in chief of the place that to negociate the surrender of the city with Berwick in terms that avoid unconditional surrender, looting and indiscriminate deaths.
Negotiations continued until September 12th and finally a surrender agreement is reached in which Berwick pledged to respect the lives and property of the vanquished in exchange for the delivery of weapons, the military occupation of the city next day and the surrender of the castles of Montjuïc and Cardona, which was completed on 16th. Siege and fall of Barcelona left 7,000 casualties in the Catalan forces and 10,000 in the Bourbons side.
One might think that all ended here, but the repression just began the day after the capitulation (58) when the superintendent Jose Patiño, appointed by Philip V, settled in Barcelona and proceeded to quash all Catalan institutions, in addition also proceeded to the persecution of those that had signified against Philip V or had resisted the occupation (it is estimated that at least more than 4,000 people were detained, executed or deported including civilians and military such Villaroel, who was jailed in La Coruña until 1726, being released four months before his death on February 22th).
As part of the repressive apparatus the fortress of the Ciutadella was also built (59), designed by Verboom to control the city together with the already existing castle of Montjuïc, and built in the time period from March 1716 to January 1725, to achieve the necessary space the Ribera district and part of the Rec Comtal, zone were demolished, inhabitants of this zone were forced to leave their homes, derived accommodation problems arising from this were not fixed until the building of the Barceloneta neighbourhood in 1753; although it might seem a defensive structure in the city in fact it was used to control it and prevent any rebellion. Barcelona did not recover this space until 1869, when it was returned to the city and the fortress was demolished to build the public park that currently exists (60).
Other consequences of the Catalan defeat was the promulgation of the Nueva Planta Decree (61) on January 16th of 1716 (which was already applied from 1707 in Valencia and Aragon) and replacing all the Catalan legal, tax and judiciary regulations with an absolutist monarchy and Spain, being composed of different kingdoms, becomes a unified and centralized state (62) also intervening in all areas including culture, as every Catalan university is closed except Cervera (city that had been loyal from the beginning to Philip V), which is created by the decree of 11 May 1717 as an institution directly controlled by the monarchy (63) and imposed Castilian as the only official language (64).
In today's article I wanted to briefly recall a key episode of the past of my city that happened a little more than 3 centuries ago and is currently commemorated as the National Day of Catalonia to remember these events and pay tribute to those who defended their home. Of these events much had been much written and much has been opined and surely will continue to be (who knows, maybe I also write other posts on the subject, is complex issue and there's so much things to say about it...).
Notes
(1) ^ Clàudia Pujol 2013, p. 6
(2) ^ Clàudia Pujol 2013, p. 14
(3) ^ Clàudia Pujol 2013, p. 17
(4) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p.18. It is believed that Charles II suffered from Klinefelter syndrome as a result of various endogamous marriages that had taken place for some generations in his family.
(5) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 57
(6) ^Santiago Albertí 2006, p. 24 i 25
(7) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 35
(8) ^Santiago Albertí 2006, p. 19
(9) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 58 i 59
(10) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 72
(11) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 73
(12) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 89
(13) ^ (14) ^ (15) ^ (16) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 104 a 108
(17) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global, p. 162 i 163
(18) ^ (19) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 91
(20) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 91
(21) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 112
(22) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 158
(23) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 157
(24) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 164
(25) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1 (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V, p. 112
(26) ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht#Negotiations
(27) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 16
(28) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 12
(29) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 74 i 75
(30) ^ (32) ^ Guillem H. Pongiluppi, F. Xavier Hernàndez Cardona, p. 26
(31) ^ http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_de_Braços#Definici.C3.B3
(33) ^Arnau Consul, Agustí Alcoberro 2014, p. 14
(34) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 12
(35) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 12
(36) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 84
(37) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 24
(38) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 20
(39) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 21
(40) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 22
(41) ^Guillem H. Pongiluppi, F. Xavier Hernàndez Cardona 2012, p. 64
(42) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 22
(43) ^ (44) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 23
(45) ^(46) ^Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 28 i 29
(47) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 32 i 33
(48) ^ Santiago Albertí 2006, p. 237 i 238
(49) ^ Guillem H. Pongiluppi, F. Xavier Hernàndez Cardona 2012, p. 26
(50) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 130
(51) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 33
(52) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 42 i 43
(53) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 52 a 62
(54) ^ Santiago Albertí 2006, p. 315
(55) ^ Pere Puig, Agustí Alcoberro 2014, p. 46
(56) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l'11 de setembre de 1714, p. 125 a 175
(57) ^ Sònia Casas Codinach 2014, p. 48 a 53
(58) ^ Angel Casals, Oriol Gracia 2014, p. 56 a 60
(59) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 162
(60) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 162
(61) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 46
(62) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 60
(63) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 60
(64) ^ Oriol Soler, Agustí Alcoberro 2013 La Guerra de Successió dia a dia. Volum V (1714-1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota, p. 68
Consulted bibliography
Arnau Consul, Agustí Alcoberro. Viurem lliures o morirem!
Sapiens nº 147. Especial 11 de setembre
Setembre de 2014
ISSN: 1695-2014
http://www.sapiens.cat
Pere Puig, Agustí Alcoberro. Qui manava a Barcelona el 1714?
Sapiens nº 147. Especial 11 de setembre
Setembre de 2014
ISSN: 1695-2014
http://www.sapiens.cat
Sònia Casas Codinach. L'11 de setembre, hora a hora
Sapiens nº 147. Especial 11 de setembre
Setembre de 2014
ISSN: 1695-2014
http://www.sapiens.cat
Angel Casals, Oriol Gracia. Catalunya sense govern
Sapiens nº 147. Especial 11 de setembre
Setembre de 2014
ISSN: 1695-2014
http://www.sapiens.cat
Claudia Pujol. El Món del 1714. A l’entorn de Barcelona
Col·lecció MUHBA Llibrets de Sala
Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona, Institut de Cultura, Museu d’Història de Barcelona, desembre de 2013. ISBN: 978-84-9850-520-7
http://www.bcn.cat/publicacions
http://www.museuhistoriabcn.cat
Guillem H. Pongiluppi, F. Xavier Hernàndez Cardona. 1714. El Setge de Barcelona.
Barcelona: Angle Editorial, novembre de 2012. ISBN: 978-84-15695-09-7
http://www.angleeditorial.com
Oriol Soler (Director del projecte), Agustí Alcoberro (Direcció científica).La Guerra de Successió dia a dia.
Volum 1 (1700 – 1705): La primera guerra global
Volum 1I (1705 – 1707): Catalunya contra Felip V
Volum 1II (1707 – 1713): La traïció aliada
Volum 1V (1713 – 1714): El setge de Barcelona i l’11 de setembre del 1714
Volum V (1714 – 1760): Les conseqüències de la derrota
Volum V1 (1760– 1900): El renaixement de Catalunya
Barcelona: Batiscafo SL, Ara Llibres SCCL, Sapiens Publicacions, setembre de 2013. ISBN: 978-84-15642-56-5
http://www.arallibres.cat
http://www.sapienspublicacions.cat
Santiago Albertí. L’Onze de Setembre
Barcelona: Albertí Editors, setembre 2006. ISBN: 84-7246-079-7
http://www.albertieditor.cat
Interesting websites
http://www.tricentenari.cat
http://tricentenari.gencat.cat/ca/recursos/
http://www.diaridesetge.cat/
http://www.cardona1714.cat/
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